Greetings :
The most common greeting in Egypt are:
Hi ….. Marhaba
Good bye ….. Maa Salama
Please ….. Min Fadlak
Thank you ….. Shukran
Congratulations .. Mabruk
Peace be upon you . Salam alaykum
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The Late Period (1085-322BC)
The Twenty-First Dynasty was established by
successors of Herihor and Smendes who continued to rule Upper and
Lower Egypt separately from Thebes and Tanis. But by this period
external threats from Libyan invaders and others were eroding Egypt's
power to defend itself.
Eventually both Upper and Lower Egypt succumbed to foreign invasions.
Libyan warriors who established their own Twenty-Second Dynasty drove
the Tanites from power.
Upper Egypt held out longer against Nubian invaders
until being overrun by the armies of their ruler Piankhi all the way
to Memphis. Piankhi's brother Shabaka marched north to conquer the
Delta and reunite Upper and Lower Egypt under the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty
of Nubian Kings (747-656BC).
During this period there was an artistic and cultural revival. The
Twenty-Fifth Dynasty ended when Assyrian armies captured Memphis and
attacked Thebes, driving the Nubian pharaoh Tanutamun back to Nubia.
The Assyrians found a willing Egyptian collaborator
in the form of a prince from the Delta. Psammetichus I governed on
behalf of the Assyrians until they were forced to withdraw their
forces to wage war against the Persian Empire. On the departure of the
Assyrians, Psammetichus I declared himself pharaoh and established the
Twenty-Sixth Dynasty, ruling over a re-united Egypt from his capital
at Saïs in the Delta. This was to be the last great Pharaonic age
which witnessed the revival of majestic art and architecture and the
introduction of new technologies.
Gradually, though, the power of the kingdom eroded due to invasion,
ending ignominiously when Amasis, "the Drunkard", was forced to depend
on Greek forces to defend his Kingdom against the onslaught of Persian
imperial armies.
The Persians first invaded Egypt in 525BC, initiating a period of
foreign domination of the country which lasted until 1952, when an
Egyptian republic replaced the monarchy of King Farouk. The conquering
Persians established the Twenty-Seventh Dynasty (525-404BC) which
ruled Egypt with an iron hand.
The Persians, under the emperors Cambyses and Darius, completed a
canal connecting the Nile with the Red Sea which had been started by
the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty king Necho II. They also constructed temples
and a new city on the site of what is now called Old Cairo. This was
called Babylon in Egypt.
The harshness of Persian rule resulted in revolts
against the Persian satraps Xerxes and Artaxerxes which led to the
Twenty-Eighth dynasty of the Egyptian ruler Amyrtaeus and his
successors. The Egyptian kings of succeeding dynasties were under
continual attack by Persians until the Thirtieth and final Pharaonic
dynasty was overthrown by Artaxerxes III, remaining under Persian
domination until the arrival of Alexander the Great in 332BC
