Greetings :
The most common greeting in Egypt are:
Hi ….. Marhaba
Good bye ….. Maa Salama
Please ….. Min Fadlak
Thank you ….. Shukran
Congratulations .. Mabruk
Peace be upon you . Salam alaykum
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The
Old Kingdom (2686-2181BC)
Pharaonic burial practices continued to develop
during the Third Dynasty, lasting from 2686-2613BC, which marked the
beginnings of the Old Kingdom. The first of Egypt's pyramids were
constructed during the 27th century BC. The Step Pyramid of Saqqara
built for King Zoser by his chief architect Imhotep, who later
generations deified, is considered by many to be the first pyramid
ever constructed in Egypt. Prior to this, most royal tombs were
constructed of sun-dried bricks. Zoser's gargantuan step pyramid
attested to the pharaoh's power and established the pyramid as the
pre-eminent Pharaonic burial structure. During Zoser's rule the Sun
God Ra attained a supra-eminent place over all other Egyptian deities.
The Fourth Dynasty (2613-2494BC) was characterized by expansionism and
pyramid construction. King Sneferu constructed the Red Pyramid at
Dahshur near Saqqara and the Pyramid of Meidum in Al-Fayoum. He also
sent military expeditions as far as Libya and Nubia. During his reign
trading along the Nile flourished. Sneferu's descendants, Cheops (Khufu),
Chephren (Khafre) and Mycerinus (Menkaure) were the last three kings
of the Fourth Dynasty. These three pharaohs built
the pyramids of Giza.
Egypt under Cheops became the first state in the history of the world
to be governed according to an organized system. The Fourth Dynasty
also extended trade relations with the Near East and mined and smelted
copper in Nubia.
The Fifth Dynasty (2490-2330BC) was marked by a relative decline in
Pharaonic power and wealth, evidenced by the smaller pyramids of Abu
Sir built during this period. The pharaohs ceased to be absolute
monarchs and began to share power with the aristocracy and high
officials. As the independence of the nobility increased, their tombs
became larger and were built at increasing distances from the
pharaohs.
Worship of the sun god Ra also spread during the Fifth Dynasty. It was
during the reign of Unas that religious texts were placed in the
pyramids bearing descriptions of the afterworld which were later
gathered into the Book of the Dead.
Decentralization of Pharaonic authority increased during the Sixth
Dynasty (2330-2170BC) as small provincial principalities emerged to
challenge Pharaonic power. The Sixth Dynasty kings were forced to send
expeditions as far as Nubia, Libya and Palestine to put down the
separatists, but these campaigns served to further erode the central
authority. By the reign of the last Sixth Dynasty Pharaoh Pepi II, the
Old Kingdom had become a spent force
